Ungakwandisa kanjani ukuphakama kwe-QT450 ductile iron ibe ngaphezu kwama-22%?

Singakwazi kanjani ukwandisa ubude bube ngaphezu kwama-22% kuyilapho sigcina amandla afanayo okudonsa? Lokhu kudinga ukuthi kuqalwe ku-"microstructure" nokwenza izinguquko ezicolisisiwe zenqubo. 

Umbono oyinhloko: Khulisa ipulasitiki nokuqina kwe-matrix ngenkathi ugcina amandla anele. Ngokuqondile, kusho ukuthola i-ferrite matrix eningi ngangokunokwenzeka ngenkathi uqinisekisa ikhwalithi ephezulu yamabhola e-graphite. Okulandelayo izindlela zobuchwepheshe ezithile kanye nezinyathelo: Okokuqala, ukulungiswa okunembile kokwakheka kwamakhemikhali (okuyisisekelo). Ukwakhiwa kwamanje kwe-QT450 kungase kube ngenjongo "yezindinganiso zomhlangano", futhi ukuze kuzuzwe ukuphakama okuphezulu, kuyadingeka ukuthuthukisa "ukuhlanzwa okuphezulu" kanye "nokulinganisela". 

1. I-Carbon Equivalent: Khulisa ngokulingene, ncika kuqhinga lekhabhoni ephezulu: Nakuba uqinisekisa ukuthi akukho graphite entantayo, zama ukukhulisa okuqukethwe kwekhabhoni (okunconyiwe ngo-3.6% -3.9%) futhi ulawule okuqukethwe kwe-silicon ngokufanelekile. Lokhu kungandisa inani lamabhola e-graphite, kuthuthukise ukuqhutshwa kokushisa, kunciphise ukuqina kokuqina, futhi kunenzuzo ekuthuthukiseni amandla kanye nepulasitiki. I-carbon equivalent (CE) inconywa ukuthi ilawulwe phakathi kuka-4.3% no-4.5%. 

2. I-Silicon: Lawula isu lokugcina lokuqukethwe kwe-silicon: I-Silicon iyisici esiqinile sokuqinisa isisombululo, futhi i-silicon eyeqile izonciphisa kakhulu ipulasitiki. Ngokwesisekelo sokuqinisekisa ukwakheka kwe-ferrite, lawula okuqukethwe kwe-silicon yokugcina (okuqukethwe kwe-silicon ngemva kokuthululwa) ezingeni eliphansi lika-2.2% -2.5%. Ukufeza lokhu, ama-agent aphansi e-silicon spheroidizing angasetshenziswa futhi i-silicon ingezwa ngokusebenzisa izitofu. 

3. I-Manganese: Ukunciphisa Kakhulu (Ukhiye!) Isu: I-Manganese iyisici esizinzile ku-pearlite futhi ijwayele ukuhlukaniswa emikhawulweni yokusanhlamvu, yenza izigaba eziphukayo futhi ibe "umbulali wokuqala" wobude. Okuqukethwe kwe-manganese kufanele kwehliswe kusukela kokujwayelekile<0.3% kuya ku-<0.15%, kube nesimo esihle esingu-<0.10%. Lena indlela yamakhemikhali ephumelela kakhulu futhi eyongayo ukuze kuzuzwe izinga lokwelulwa elingaphezu kwama-22%. 

4. I-Phosphorus nesibabule: Ukuhlanzwa kokugcina kwe-phosphorus: Ukwakhiwa kwe-brittle phosphorus eutectic. Umgomo: ≤ 0.03%, okuphansi kuba ngcono. I-Sulfur: Isebenzisa ama-spheroidizing agents kanye nokufakwayo okukhiqizayo. Okuqukethwe kwesibabule sensimbi yokuqala encibilikisiwe ngaphambi kwe-spheroidization ngu-≤ 0.012%. 

5. Izinto eziphazamisayo: Lawula ngokuqinile futhi uqaphe izakhi ezifana ne-titanium, i-chromium, i-vanadium, i-tin, i-antimony, njll. Zingakwazi ukuzinzisa i-pearlite noma zakhe ama-carbides ayingozi. 

Ukusetshenziswa kwama-spheroidizing agents aqukethe amanani omkhondo wemihlaba engavamile (i-cerium, i-lanthanum) kunganciphisa imiphumela yawo eyingozi.

 2, Ukuqinisa inqubo ye-spheroidization kanye ne-incubation (umgogodla) kuyisinyathelo esiwujuqu sokuthuthukisa ikhwalithi kanye nenani lamabhola e-graphite. 

1. Ukwelashwa kwe-Spheroidization: Ukuphishekela ukuzinza nokuthamba. I-ejenti ye-Spheroidizing: Ukukhetha i-magnesium ephansi, umhlaba ongavamile ophansi, nama-agent ahlanzekile kakhulu e-spheroidizing. Isibonelo, i-ejenti ye-spheroidizing ene-Mg engu-5% -6% inganciphisa ukuthambekela kokukhipha okumhlophe kanye nokucindezeleka kokuncipha okubangelwa i-magnesium eyeqile. Inqubo: Ukusebenzisa izindlela ezifana ne-capping kanye ne-wire feeding ukuqinisekisa ukusabela okubushelelezi kwe-spheroidization, izinga lokumunca elizinzile, nothuli olulula lwe-magnesium. 

2. Ukwelashwa kokuvunda: Inhloso eyinhloko ukukhulisa ngokuphawulekayo inombolo yamabhola e-graphite abe ngaphezu kuka-150/mm ² futhi kuthuthukiswe ukujikeleza kwamabhola. I-ejenti yokuzala: Sebenzisa ama-ejenti enzalo asebenza kahle, njengalawo aqukethe i-strontium, i-barium, ne-zirconium, anamandla okulwa nokuguga anamandla nomthelela omuhle we-nucleation. Ubuciko: "I-incubation eminingi" kufanele isetshenziswe! Ukukhulelwa okukodwa: kwenziwa ngaphakathi kwesikhwama se-spheroidization. Ukukhulelwa Kwesibili/Okuhambisana Nokukhulelwa: Lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu! Ngesikhathi sokuthululwa, i-inoculant yezinhlayiyana ezinhle yengezwa ngokulinganayo nokugeleza kwamanzi ensimbi nge-feeder ezinikele. Ingahlinzeka ngenani elikhulu lama-crystalline cores asheshayo, okuyindlela eyinhloko yokwandisa inani lama-graphite sphere. I-Intratype incubation: Uma izimo zivuma, setha amabhulokhi e-incubation ohlelweni lokuthela ukuze ufukamele okwesithathu. 

3, Lungiselela inqubo yokuncibilika nokupholisa 

1 Ukuncibilika: Ukusebenzisa insimbi yengulube ehlanzekile kanye nensimbi ehlanzekile ukuze ulawule izinto eziyingozi ezivela emthonjeni. Kunconywa ukusetha izinga lokushisa lokuthepha phakathi kuka-1530-1560 ℃ futhi ulivumele lime endaweni yokushisa efanelekile ukuze kube lula ukunyakaza okuya phezulu kokufakiwe. 

2. Izinga lokupholisa: Ezingxenyeni ezinezindonga ezincane, ukusheshisa ukupholisa kungase kube usizo ekwandiseni i-pearlite kanye nokuthuthukisa amandla, kodwa akuhambisani nobude. Ku-QT450 ephishekela ukuphakama okuphezulu, izinga lokupholisa kufanele lincishiswe ngokufanelekile, njengokusebenzisa izikhuphukeli zokufakelwa, ama-sprues ashubile, izinqubo zokuphonswa zokuthuthukisa (ezifana nokusebenzisa isihlabathi se-resin esikhundleni sesikhunta sensimbi), njll., ukukhuthaza ukwakheka kwe-ferrite kanye nokukhula okugcwele kwe-graphite. 

I-4, Ukwelashwa kokushisa: Isiqinisekiso esithembeke kakhulu ukuthi uma izakhiwo eziphonswe zingase zizinzile ngemva kokulungiswa kwenqubo engenhla (ikakhulukazi ngenxa yokushuba kodonga olungalingani okubangela i-pearlite kwezinye izindawo), khona-ke i-ferritization annealing iyindlela ethembeke kakhulu yokufinyelela izinga lokwelula elingaphezu kwama-22%. 

Umzila wokucubungula: 

1 Isiteji sokushisa esiphezulu: Shisisa ku-900-920 ℃ bese ubamba amahora angu-1-3 (kuya ngokuqina kodonga). Inhloso ukuguqula yonke i-pearlite ibe yi-austenite. 

2. Isiteji sokushisa esimaphakathi: Pholisa kancane (noma uhambise ngokuqondile) isithando somlilo siye ku-700-730 ℃ futhi usigcine sifudumele amahora angu-2-4. Lesi sigaba sibalulekile njengoba sivumela isikhathi esanele sokuthi ikhabhoni ene-supersaturated ku-austenite ingene kuma-graphite spheres, ngaleyo ndlela iguqule ngokuphelele ibe yi-ferrite. 

3. Ukukhipha esithandweni somlilo: Ngemva kwalokho, kungapholiswa kube ngaphansi kuka-600 ℃ futhi kukhishwe esithandweni ukuze kupholiswe umoya. Umthelela: Ngemva kwalokhu kwelashwa, isakhiwo se-matrix singafinyelela ngaphezu kwama-95% e-ferrite, ngesilinganiso sobude obungaphezu kwama-22%. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ngenxa yokuba khona kwamabhola e-graphite kanye nokuqiniswa kwesisombululo esiqinile se-silicon, amandla aqinile asengahlala azinzile ngaphezu kuka-450MPa. 

Isifinyezo kanye ne-Action Roadmap 

1. Isimo Sokuxilongwa: Okokuqala, hlaziya isakhiwo se-metallographic (isilinganiso se-ferrite, i-graphite ball morphology kanye nenani) kanye nokwakheka kwamakhemikhali (ikakhulukazi okuqukethwe kwe-Mn no-P) kwe-QT450 yakho yamanje.

 2. Beka kuqala ukulungiswa kwenqubo: Isinyathelo 1: Nciphisa okuqukethwe kwe-Mn kube ngaphansi kuka-0.15% futhi lawula u-P no-S. Isinyathelo sesi-2: Qinisa ukufukamela, ikakhulukazi uqinisekisa ukuqaliswa ngempumelelo kokufukamela kokugeleza. 

3: Lungiselela ukwakheka futhi wamukele ikhabhoni ephezulu nesisombululo se-silicon ephansi. 3. Isiqinisekiso sokugcina: Uma izinga lokwelulwa lisahamba lizungeze u-18% -20% ngemva kokulungiswa kwenqubo futhi alikwazi ukunqamula ngokuzinza ku-22%, khona-ke ukwethula inqubo yokudonsa i-ferrite kuyinketho engenakugwenywa. Ingaletha ngokungaguquki ukusebenza okudingayo. Uma amandla e-tensile engakwazi ukufinyelela kuma-megapascal angu-450 kule nqubo engenhla, yiluphi uhlobo lwe-alloy okufanele lusetshenziselwe ukuvikela amandla? Kuhlelo lwe-QT450 oluphishekela ukuphakama okuphezulu (>22%), uma ubude buhlangabezana nezinga futhi amandla aqinile ehla, i-nickel ingangezwa ukulungisa amandla. Umsebenzi oyinhloko kanye nezinzuzo zokwengeza i-nickel 1 Ukuqinisa isixazululo esiqinile ngaphandle kokulimaza kakhulu ipulasitiki: Isici se-nickel sizoncibilika ku-matrix ye-ferrite ukuze senze isisombululo esiqinile, ngaleyo ndlela sithuthukise amandla ngaphandle kokunciphisa kakhulu ipulasitiki nokuqina. Lokhu kuhluke kakhulu ezintweni ezifana ne-manganese ne-phosphorus.

 Umthelela: Uma uzama ukunciphisa okuqukethwe kwe-manganese ne-pearlite ukuze uzuze ukunwebeka okuphezulu kakhulu, amandla aqinile angase ashelele afinyelele emaphethelweni angu-450MPa. Kuleli qophelo, ukwengeza inani elincane le-nickel kunganikeza "iphedi yokuphepha" ukuze kuqinisekiswe amandla azinzile nokuhambisana nezindinganiso. 

2. Cwenga isakhiwo futhi uthuthukise ukufana: I-nickel ingakwazi ukwehlisa izinga lokushisa lokuguqulwa kwe-austenite, okusiza ukucwenga usayizi wokusanhlamvu kanye ne-microstructure, okwenza ukwakheka kwesakhiwo kube okufanayo, ngaleyo ndlela kuthuthukise kokubili amandla nokuqina. 

3. Umphumela wokuzinzisa i-pearlite emaphakathi: I-Nickel iphinde ibe nokuthambekela kokuzinzisa i-pearlite, kodwa umphumela wayo unamandla amancane kakhulu kune-manganese. Ngokulawula inani lokwengeza, kungenzeka ukuthola iningi le-ferrite ngenkathi ulisebenzisa ukwenza inani elincane le-pearlite elihle lokuqinisa. Indlela yokwengeza ngokwesayensi i-nickel? Okudingekayo: Ukwengezwa kwe-nickel kufanele kwenziwe ngemuva kokusebenzisa ngokuqinile zonke izinhlelo eziyisisekelo ezishiwo ngenhla (i-Mn ephansi, i-P/S ephansi, ukufukamela okuqinile, njll.). Ngeke silindele ukusebenzisa i-nickel ukunxephezela ukushiyeka kwezinqubo eziyisisekelo. 1. Inani elingeziwe kanye nomphumela olindelekile: Isixazululo se-nickel esiphansi (0.5% -1.0%): Inhloso: Ukuhlinzeka ngokuqiniswa kwesixazululo esiqinile "njengenethi yokuphepha" yamandla. Umthelela: Cishe kuwo wonke ama-substrates e-ferritic, amandla okuqina anganyuswa cishe ngo-20-40 MPa. Lokhu kwanele ukukhulisa kancane kancane amandla kumanani abalulekile (afana nama-MPa angu-430-440) abe ngaphezu kuka-450 MPa, kuyilapho kunomthelela omncane ekwandiseni (okungenzeka kwehliswe kuphela ngo-1-2%), futhi kube lula ukugcina ngaphezu kwama-22%. Isikimu se-nickel esimaphakathi (1.0% -2.0%): Inhloso: Ngenkathi sinikeza ukuqiniswa, singase sethule inani elincane (<10%) le-pearlite. Umthelela: Ukuthuthukiswa kwamandla kuzoba okubaluleke kakhulu (kufika ku-50 MPa noma ngaphezulu), kodwa ubude buzokwehla kancane. Ukulawula ngokucophelela kuyadingeka futhi ukulungiswa kufanele kwenziwe ngokwelashwa kokushisa. 2. Ukusebenzisana nokwelashwa kokushisa: Njengesixazululo esikhonjiwe: Uma ufuna ukuzuza amandla aphezulu kanye nepulasitiki ephezulu endaweni ekhonjiwe ngaphandle kokwelashwa kokushisa, ukufakwa kwe-nickel okuphansi (okufana no-0.5%) kuyisu eliyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. Uhlelo lokwelapha ukushisa: Uma usuvele ukuhlelile ukufakwa kwe-ferrite annealing, ukubaluleka kokwengeza i-nickel kudinga ukuthi kuhlolwe kabusha. I-Annealing izoqeda i-pearlite, futhi umphumela oqinile wokuqinisa isisombululo se-nickel uba namandla. Kuleli qophelo, ukungezwa kwe-nickel okuphansi kusenganikeza i-matrix ye-ferrite emsulwa kodwa eqinile ngemva kokudonsa. Ububi nokucatshangelwa kwezindleko zokwengeza i-nickel kuphezulu: i-nickel iyisici esibizayo se-alloying esinyusa kakhulu izindleko zempahla eluhlaza. Ukuhlaziywa kwezindleko zenzuzo kufanele kwenziwe. Umphumela okhawulelwe: I-nickel ayiyona "i-panacea", ayikwazi ukulondoloza i-substrate embi ene-spheroidization engalungile, incubation ehlulekile, noma okuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-Mn/P. Ukwethulwa okungaba khona kokungaqiniseki: Ukwengezwa ngokweqile kwe-nickel (njengokuthi>1.5%) kungazinzisa i-pearlite eningi kakhulu, kudinga amazinga okushisa aphezulu noma izikhathi ezinde zokubamba ukuze kuqedwe, okwandisa ubunzima nokusetshenziswa kwamandla okwelapha ukushisa, futhi kungase kugcine kulimaze izinga lokwelulwa. Isiphetho nesincomo sokugcina sibheka ukungezwa kwe-nickel 'njengomshwalense wokugcina ocushwe kahle' kunezindlela eziyinhloko. Indlela yokuthuthukisa ukusebenza kufanele ibe: 1 Okubalulekile kokuqala (isisekelo kanye nomongo): Ukuhlanzeka Okudlulele: Yehlisa i-Mn ukuya ku-<0.15%, P<0.03%，S<0.012%。 Ukuvunda Okuqinile: Sebenzisa ngokuqinile "ukuzala+ kokugeleza kwesikhathi esisodwa", ngebhola elihlosiwe le-graphite elingu-²150/mm elingu-². Ukulungiselela ukwakheka: Ukusebenzisa i-carbon equivalent ephezulu (~4.5%), ukulawula i-Si yokugcina ku-2.2% -2.5%. 2. Okwesibili okubalulekile (ukuhlola nokulungisa kahle): Ngemva kokusebenzisa ngokuqinile uhlelo lokuqala olubalulekile, thela amabha okuhlola futhi uhlole ukusebenza kwawo. Uma umphumela ubonisa ukuthi izinga lobude lidlula kude ama-22% (njengama-25% noma ngaphezulu), kodwa amandla ashintshashintsha phakathi kwebanga elingu-440-450 MPa, kuseduze nokufinyelela izinga. Ngakho isinqumo: Kuleli qophelo, ukwengeza cishe u-0.5% we-nickel kuyisinqumo esingcono kakhulu. Ingakwazi ukuzuza amandla azinzile ngezindleko eziphansi kakhulu (okunomthelela omncane ekwandiseni) futhi inezindleko eziphakeme kakhulu. 3. Okwesithathu okubalulekile (isiqinisekiso sokugcina): Uma ukusebenza kungakazinzi ngenxa yokujiya kodonga olusansimbi noma izinga lokupholisa, ukufakwa kwe-ferritization kuyisixazululo sokugcina nesithembeke kakhulu. Ngaphansi kwenqubo ye-annealing, ngisho nangaphandle kokwengeza i-nickel, cishe njalo kungenzeka ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zamandla (kuncika ekuqinisweni kwesixazululo esiqinile samabhola e-graphite kanye no-Si) kanye nokwelulwa okuphezulu kakhulu (okuncike ku-ferrite ehlanzekile) kanyekanye. Kafushane, i-nickel ingangezwa, kodwa "i-tonic" kunokuba "ukudla okuyisisekelo". Kulokhu kuphokophela ukunwetshwa kokugcina, ukufakwa kwe-nickel ephansi (~0.5%) iyithuluzi elihlakaniphile elisetshenziswe esigabeni sokugcina "ukugcina amandla ngokunembile".