Ungasilawula kanjani isimo sokusakaza kanye ne-metallographic of 45 # Steel Castings ngemuva kokwelashwa kokushisa?

Isakhiwo se-metallographic sika-45 # sensimbi siyahluka ngaphansi kwezimo ezahlukahlukene zokushisa zokwelashwa ku-As Cast State.

Ngakho-ke, silugcina kanjani isimo sokusakaza kanye nesakhiwo se-metallographic sokukhokhiswa kwensimbi engama-45 ngemuva kokwelashwa kokushisa lapho sibakhiqiza? Ukulawulwa okuhle kuyadingeka kwinqubo yokuphonsa kanye nenqubo yokwelashwa kokushisa, ngenhloso yokuthola umfaniswano, inhlawulo, nenhlekelele ukufeza izidingo zokugcina zokusebenza (amandla, ukuqina, ubulukhuni, njll.).

Okulandelayo amasu okulawula asemqoka:

1, lawula i-cast cast misciestreacure (ukubeka isisekelo esiqinile sokwelashwa okushisayo okulandelayo)

1 Ukushisa ngokweqile kokushisa kungaholela kusayizi wama-coarse. Isifunda seCollar Crystal siyanda. Khulisa ukuthambekela kokuhlukaniswa. Gqugquzela ukwakheka kwenhlangano ye-Wei. Isilinganiso sokupholisa: Shesha isilinganiso sokupholisa: lokhu kungumgogodla wokucwengeka kwe-As StandCreature. Izinga lokupholisa elisheshayo lingakucindezela ukukhula okusanhlamvu, kunciphise ukwahlukaniswa, futhi kudambise noma kugweme ukwakheka kwesakhiwo se-weibull. Indlela: Sebenzisa isikhunta sensimbi noma isikhunta sensimbi esimboziwe esikhundleni sokubumba kwesihlabathi esimsulwa; Beka i-cold iron engxenyeni ethile yokuphonswa; Lungiselela ukwakheka kwesikhunta (njengokufana kodonga kanye nokunciphisa ukonga ukushisa); Khetha izinto zokumodela ezinokuvuka okuhle okushisayo; Lawula izinga lokushisa kwesikhunta. Ukupholisa okufanayo: Gwema umehluko obalulekile kumanani wokupholisa phakathi kwezingxenye ezahlukahlukene zokuphonsa, okungaholela enhlanganweni engalingani kanye nokuxineka kwangaphakathi. Dala kahle uhlelo lokuthulula nolweliver kanye nokuhlelwa kwensimbi ebandayo.

2. Ukwelashwa kwe-Inoculation / ukuguqulwa kwe-Inoculation Lezi zinto zenza amakhompiyutha aphezulu okuncibilika (njenge-carbides nama-nitrides) asebenza njenge-heterogeneous acleiser cores, athuthukise ukucolisiswa okusanhlamvu. Ukulawulwa okunembile kwenani lesengezo nenqubo kuyadingeka.

3. Lawula ubumsulwa bensimbi ebiwe Ama-deoxidizers ajwayelekile afaka i-manganese iron, i-silicon iron, ne-aluminium. Ukuhlanza: Uma izimo zivuma, ukwenza ukucolisiswa kwangaphandle (njengokuvusa i-argon) ukuze uqhubeke nokunciphisa igesi (O, H, N) nokuqukethwe okufakiwe. Insimbi emsulwa emsulwa inenzuzo ekutholeni inqwaba, inephutha elincane, futhi ihlelwe ngokulinganayo njengoba i-micressructure. Lawula okuqukethwe yi-S no-P: S kuthambekele ekutheni kwakha ama-FES noma (MN, FE) S, kwakha i-Eupectic yendawo ephansi emingceleni yokusanhlamvu, ukukhulisa ukuthambekela kokuqhekeka okushisayo nokuwohloka; I-P inyusa ubucwebe obubandayo. Kufanele kwenziwe imizamo yokunciphisa okuqukethwe yi-S no-P kuya umkhawulo ophansi odingwa yileveli. 4. I-Mold Design Optimization: Yehlisa ama-Heat node futhi uvikele ukuvezwa isikhathi eside kumazinga okushisa aphezulu, angaholela ekulinganiselweni okuphezulu nokuhlukaniswa. Qinisekisa ukuqina okulandelanayo noma ukuqina okukodwa ukuze kunciphise amaphutha anjenge-shrinkage kanye ne-porusity, okuvame ukubaholela ekuhambeni okungajwayelekile kulezi zindawo zokulimala.

2, ukwelashwa okujwayelekile kokushisa kwensimbi engubeni yensimbi yensimbi kuyinto evamile, futhi kwesinye isikhathi okujwayelekile nokugunda kwenziwa ngokuya ngezidingo zokulawula inhlangano ngemuva kokwelashwa okushisa (umnyombo kungokwemvelo ukwelashwa). Inhloso ukuqeda iziphambeko ku-as cast fissmcture futhi uthole umfaniswano we-pearli + wesakhiwo esihle se-ferrite.

1. Ukwelashwa okujwayelekile (okubaluleke kakhulu):

Ukushisa lokushisa: kuvame ukukhethwa phakathi kuka-30-50 ℃ ngaphezulu kwe-ac. Ngensimbi engu-45, i-AC α icishe ibe ngu-780 ℃, ngakho-ke uhla lokushisa olujwayelekile luphakathi kuka-850-880 ℃. INJONGO: Ukuthola ngokuphelele i-aututenitize (Gamify) njengesakhiwo esisakazayo, susa okwangempela njengesakhiwo se-cast (njengesakhiwo se-weibull, okusanhlamvu okuhlanganisiwe), bese uthola ukuhlukaniswa okufanayo kwe-Aucen. Ukulawulwa: Izinga lokushisa eliphansi, ukungapheleli kwe-auntonitization, okusalayo njengesakhiwo se-cast; Izinga lokushisa ngokweqile liholela ekukhuleni okubalulekile kwama-autenite okusanhlamvu, okuholela ekuhlelweni okubumbeneyo ngemuva ngemuva kokujwayelekile. Isikhathi sokufaka: Kufanele kuqinisekiswe ukuthi ukusakaza kushiswe ngokuphelele futhi ukwakheka kwe-Auucen kuyinto umfaniswano ngokuyisisekelo. Isisekelo sokubala: Imvamisa kubalwa ngokuya ngobukhulu obusebenzayo bokuphonsa (njenge-1.5-2,0 imizuzu / millimeter). Ukulawula: isikhathi esifushane kakhulu, akuphelele kwe-autenitization yenhliziyo; Uma isikhathi side kakhulu, kungakhulisa i-oxidation kanye nokukhiqizwa, futhi ubukhulu bukame bukame bukhule. Ngokugoba nge-dendritic inqubekela phambili, kungathatha isikhathi eside ukuze izakhi ziphazamise ngokulinganayo. Indlela yokupholisa: Ukupholisa emoyeni we-tuli noma ophoqelelwe. Injongo: Ukuthola i-Pereper Pearlite (Pseudo Eutectoid SAHLUKO) NEZIMALI ZOKUGCINA KAKHULU KOKUFUNDA. Ukulawula: Izinga lokupholisa kufanele lifane futhi lihambisane. Gwema: Ukupholisa ngokushesha okukhulu (okufana nomoya omningi): Kungadala inani elincane lesakhiwo esingalingani (njenge-baintite noma i-martensite) ukuze zivele endaweni edonswe ngodonga elincanyana, ekhulisa ubulukhuni. Ukupholisa okuhamba kancane (njengokufaka okugcwele kakhulu): Ukulahlekelwa ngumphumela ojwayelekile, kanye ne-coarsens ye-coarsens futhi isondela embusweni we-annealed. Qinisekisa ukuthi ama-castings anendawo eyanele ngaphandle kwesithando somlilo sokuhlanza ukushisa. Umsebenzi oyinhloko wokuqeda okujwayelekile ukususa okusanhlamvu, okusanhlamvu kwe-columnar, kanye nokwakheka kwe-weibull ku-aspistructure. Lungisa usayizi wokusanhlamvu futhi uzuze ukwakheka okufanayo. Susa ukucindezelwa kwangaphakathi (ngokwengxenye). Thuthukisa ukusebenza kokusika. Nikeza ngesakhiwo esingcono sokuqala ukuze sicime futhi siguqe ngokuzayo.

2. Ukwelashwa okuvuselayo

Ukwakheka kwe-metallographic of 45 # cast software ngemuva kokwelashwa okuvezwayo kufana kakhulu futhi uzinzile uma kuqhathaniswa nesakhiwo esilandelayo, ikakhulukazi esakhiweni esilandelayo sesakhiwo esingenziswayo futhi sinesakhiwo esilinganiselwe noma esilinganiselwe. Ngesikhathi senqubo yokunxusa, ukuhlukaniswa kwe-interlayer ye-pearlite kufana kakhulu futhi ukusatshalaliswa kuvame ukwenziwa ngcono, okusiza ukuthuthukisa ubulukhuni kanye nokucubungula ukusebenza kwezinto. UFerrite: Kusatshalaliswa ebhulokini noma ifomu elincane lenethiwekhi ezungeze ama-pearlite noma ngemingcele yokusanhlamvu. Uma kuqhathaniswa nombuso we-cast, i-ferrite ethandekayo ine-morphology ejwayelekile, ubungako obufanayo kanye nokusatshalaliswa, ukunciphisa imiphumela emibi ye-Ferrite ehlanganayo noma enethiwekhi engase ibe khona ku-Cast State ekusebenzeni. Umsebenzi oyinhloko wokudumbula ukuqeda ukucindezela kokuphonsa, uhlaziye usayizi wokusanhlamvu, futhi uthuthukise ukufana kwe-miccucture. Ngakho-ke, ekwakhiweni kwensimbi engu-45 # yensimbi, izakhiwo ezingezinhle njengezinhlaka ze-weibull ziqediwe ngokuyisisekelo, futhi nethonya leziphambeko zokuphonsa (njengokulangazela) zizobuthakathaka ngenxa yokuthambisa kwesakhiwo. Ukusebenza okuphelele kulungele ukucubungula noma ukusetshenziswa okulandelayo.

I-3. Ukwelashwa okuvuthayo: Ngokuya kwensimbi engu-45 evamile, ngemuva kokujwayelekile, iningi lezidingo zokusebenza ngokuvamile lingahlangatshezwa ngaphandle kokuguga. Izinga lokupholisa kokujwayelekile alwanele ukukhiqiza ukucindezela okukhulu okuqediwe. Izimo ezidinga ukufutheka: Ngoba ama-castings adinga ukuqina okuphezulu okuphezulu, okushisa okushisa okushisa (150-250 ℃) kungaqhubekela phambili ukucindezela okusasele. Isakhiwo sokuphonsa siyinkimbinkimbi ikakhulukazi, futhi kukhona ingcindezi yendawo ngokweqile ngesikhathi sokuhlanganisa inqubo yokupholisa (noma ngabe kungekho martensite ekhiqizwayo). Ukulawulwa okungafanele kokujwayelekile kwesilinganiso sokupholisa kuholela ekubukekeni kwenani elincane le-Hard and Brittle Martensite noma iBainite ezindaweni zasendaweni, ikakhulukazi emakhoneni anciphile. Ukushisa okushisa okuphansi (200-300 ℃) kuyadingeka ukunciphisa ubulukhuni bawo nobucwebe. Ukushisa okulangazelela: Ngokuvamile i-150-300 ℃ (ukulangazelela okushisa okuphansi). Isikhathi sokufaka: kubalwa ngobukhulu (e.g. amahora ama-1-2 / intshi) ukuqinisekisa ukungena kokushisa. Ukupholisa: Ukupholisa komoya. I-3, izinyathelo zokulawula eziqhutshwa kuyo yonke inqubo 1 Ukulawulwa Kokubumba okuqinile: Qinisekisa ukuthi izinto ezinkulu ezinjenge-C, MN, SI, zikubanga elijwayelekile (njenge-ASTM A27 / A27m). Ukuguquguquka kokuqukethwe kwekhabhoni kuthinta ngqo ingxenye kanye nezakhiwo ze-pearlite ne-ferrite ekwakhiweni kokugcina. Lawula ngokuqinile okuqukethwe yizinto eziyingozi s no-P. Bheka okuqukethwe kwezinto ezisele (ezinjenge-CR, NI, CU, MO, njll. 2 Impendulo ngesikhathi inikezwa ukulungisa inqubo yokuphonsa. Thumela Ukuhlolwa Kokwelashwa Okushisa: Lesi isinyathelo esibaluleke kakhulu. Ngemuva kokwelashwa kokugcina kokushisa (imvamisa esimweni esijwayelekile sombuso noma isimo esijwayelekile) Akuvunyelwe ukuba nokwakheka okusalayo, ukwakheka kwe-weibull, inani elikhulu lamaBaini noma nge-Martensite. Usayizi wokusanhlamvu: Hlaziya iBanga le-Auucenite lokusanhlamvu (imvamisa edinga amamaki ama-5-8 noma amahle). Ukufakwa kwensimbi okungeyona: Isilinganiso silawulwa ngaphakathi kwebanga elifanelekile. Ukuhlolwa kokusebenza: Sebenzisana nokuhlolwa kokusebenza kwemishini (amandla ashubile, amandla okuthela, ukunwebeka, amandla umthelela, ubunzima) ukuze uqinisekise ukuthi ngabe izilawuli zenhlangano zifinyelela yini izinhloso ezilindelekile zokusebenza. Isifinyezo Sezikhotho Zokulawula: 2. Ukwelashwa okushisa okuyisisekelo (okujwayelekile): izinga lokushisa eliqondile: I-AC α + 30 ~ 50 ℃ (850-880 ℃) Isikhathi esanele: Ukupholisa okuphelele + okufanayo kwezakhi zezakhi; Ifanelekile: Ukupholisa komoya okufanayo → Ukuthola i-Pearlite + Ferrite enhle. 3. Ukulangazelela okudingekile: Kusetshenziselwa kuphela ukudambisa izingcindezi noma ukwelashwa izakhiwo ezingezona zokulingana (ukushisa okushisa okuphansi).

I-4. Izithako ezihlanzekile: eziphansi ku-s no-p, zigcwele ngokuphelele.

I-5

Ngokulawula ngokuhlelekile lezi zinyathelo ezingenhla, kungenzeka ukuthi uqinisekise ngempumelelo ukuthi izinkambo zensimbi ezingama-45 zithola isimo esifanelekile se-cast kanye ne-metallographic ngemuva kokwelashwa okushisa, ngaleyo ndlela sihlangabezana nezidingo zabo zokusebenza kwezinsizakalo. ** Ukuhlolwa kweMetallographic kuyindlela yokugcina yokuqinisekisa ukusebenza kwazo zonke izilawuli zenqubo.